TCP transcription factor StAST1 represses potato tuberization by regulating tuberigen complex activity.

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is cultivated worldwide for its underground tubers, which provide an important part of human nutrition and serve as a model system for below-ground storage organ formation. Similar to flowering, stolon-expressed FLOWERING LOCUS T-like (FT-like) protein SELF-PRUNING 6A (StSP6A) plays an instrumental role in tuberization by binding to the bZIP transcription factors StABI5-like 1 (StABL1) and StFD-like 1 (StFDL1), causing transcriptional reprogramming at the stolon subapical apices. However, the molecular mechanism regulating the widely conserved FT-bZIP interactions remains largely unexplored. Here, we identified a TCP transcription factor StAST1 (StABL1 and StSP6A-associated TCP protein 1) binding to both StSP6A and StABL1. StAST1 is specifically expressed in the vascular tissue of leaves and developing stolons. Silencing of StAST1 leads to accelerated tuberization and a shortened life cycle. Molecular dissection reveals that the interaction of StAST1 with StSP6A and StABL1 attenuates the formation of the alternative tuberigen activation complex (aTAC). We also observed StAST1 directly activates the expression of potato GA 20-oxidase gene (StGA20ox1) to regulate GA responses. These results demonstrate StAST1 functions as a tuberization repressor by regulating plant hormone levels; our findings also suggest a mechanism by which the widely conserved FT-FD genetic module is fine-tuned.

Mixed-state ptychography for quantitative optical properties measurement of vector beam.

Recent advances in ptychography have extended to anisotropic specimens, but vectorial reconstruction of probes owing to polarization aliasing remains a challenge. A polarization-sensitive ptychography that enables full optical property measurement of vector light is proposed. An optimized reconstruction strategy, first calibrating the propagation direction and then performing faithful retrieval, is established. This method avoids multiple image acquisitions with various polarizer configurations and significantly improves the measurement accuracy by correlating the intensity and position of different polarization components. The capability of the proposed method to quantify anisotropic parameters of optical materials and polarization properties of vector probe is demonstrated by experiment.

Effects of Panax notoginseng Saponins Encapsulated by Polymerized Whey Protein on the Rheological, Textural and Bitterness Characteristics of Yogurt.

Panax notoginseng saponins (PNSs) have been used as a nutritional supplement for many years, but their bitter taste limits their application in food formulations. The effects of PNS (groups B, C, and D contained 0.8, 1.0 and 1.2 mg/mL of free PNS, respectively) or Panax notoginseng saponin-polymerized whey protein (PNS-PWP) nanoparticles (groups E, F, and G contained 26.68, 33.35 and 40.03 mg/mL of PNS-PWP nanoparticles, respectively) on the rheological, textural properties and bitterness of yogurt were investigated. Group G yogurt showed a shorter gelation time (23.53 min), the highest elastic modulus (7135 Pa), higher hardness (506 g), higher apparent viscosity, and the lowest syneresis (6.93%) than other groups, which indicated that the yogurt formed a stronger gel structure. The results of the electronic tongue indicated that the bitterness values of group E (-6.12), F (-6.56), and G (-6.27) yogurts were lower than those of group B (-5.12), C (-4.31), and D (-3.79), respectively, which might be attributed to PNS being encapsulated by PWP. The results indicated that PWP-encapsulated PNS could cover the bitterness of PNS and improve the quality of yogurt containing PNS.

Genomic and Evolutionary Characterization of Concurrent Intraductal Carcinoma and Adenocarcinoma of the Prostate.

Intraductal carcinoma of the prostate (IDC-P) is a lethal prostate cancer subtype that generally coexists with invasive high-grade prostate acinar adenocarcinoma (PAC) but exhibits distinct biological features compared with concomitant adenocarcinoma. In this study, we performed whole-exome, RNA, and DNA-methylation sequencing of IDC-P, concurrent invasive high-grade PAC lesions, and adjacent normal prostate tissues isolated from 22 radical prostatectomy specimens. Three evolutionary patterns of concurrent IDC-P and PAC were identified: early divergent, late divergent, and clonally distant. In contrast to those with a late divergent evolutionary pattern, tumors with clonally distant and early divergent evolutionary patterns showed higher genomic, epigenomic, transcriptional, and pathologic heterogeneity between IDC-P and PAC. Compared with coexisting PAC, IDC-P displayed increased expression of adverse prognosis-associated genes. Survival analysis based on an independent cohort of 505 patients with metastatic prostate cancer revealed that IDC-P carriers with lower risk International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) grade 1-4 adenocarcinoma displayed a castration-resistant free survival as poor as those with the highest risk ISUP grade 5 tumors that lacked concurrent IDC-P. Furthermore, IDC-P exhibited robust cell-cycle progression and androgen receptor activities, characterized by an enrichment of cellular proliferation-associated master regulators and genes involved in intratumoral androgen biosynthesis. Overall, this study provides a molecular groundwork for the aggressive behavior of IDC-P and could help identify potential strategies to improve treatment of IDC-P. SIGNIFICANCE: The genomic, transcriptomic, and epigenomic characterization of concurrent intraductal carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of the prostate deepens the biological understanding of this lethal disease and provides a genetic basis for developing targeted therapies.

Integrated surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy and convolutional neural network for quantitative and qualitative analysis of pesticide residues on pericarp.

Pesticide residue poses a significant global public health concern, necessitating improved detection methods. Here, a novel platform was introduced based on surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) to detect ten distinct types of pesticides. Notably, the sensitivity of this approach is exemplified by detecting trace amounts of 50 pM (10 ppt) thiabendazole. The correlation between the characteristic peak intensity of coexisting pesticides and their concentrations displays an exceptional linear relationship (R2 = 0.9999), underscoring its utility for quantitative mixed pesticide detection. Additionally, qualitative analysis of five mixed pesticides was conducted leveraging distinctive peak labeling. Harnessing machine learning techniques, a model for classifying and predicting pesticides on pericarps was developed. Remarkably, the convolutional neural network achieved classification accuracy of 100 % and prediction accuracy of 99.62 %. This innovative approach accurately identifies and quantifies diverse pesticides, thus offering a feasible scheme for in-situ detection of pesticide residues. Ultimately, this strategy contributes to ensuring food safety and public health.

Engineering the Relatively Conserved Residues in Active Site Architecture of Thermophilic Chitinase SsChi18A Enhanced Catalytic Activity.

Chitinase plays a vital role in the efficient biotransformation of the chitin substrate. This study aimed to modify and elucidate the contribution of the relatively conserved residues in the active site architecture of a thermophilic chitinase SsChi18A from Streptomyces sp. F-3 in processive catalysis. The enzymatic activity on colloidal chitin increased to 151%, 135%, and 129% in variants Y286W, E287A, and K186A compared with the wild type (WT). Also, the apparent processive parameter G2/G1 was lower in the variants compared to the WT, indicating the essential role of Tyr-286, Glu-287, and Lys-186 in processive catalysis. Additionally, the enzymatic activity on the crystalline chitin of F48W and double mutants F48W/Y209F and F48W/Y286W increased by 35%, 16%, and 36% compared with that for WT. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed that the driving force of processive catalysis might be related to the changes in interaction energy. This study provided a rational design strategy targeting relatively conserved residues to enhance the catalytic activity of GH18 processive chitinases.

Visual whole-process monitoring of pesticide residues: An environmental perspective using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy with dynamic borohydride-reduced silver nanoparticles.

Environmental monitoring of pesticide residues in crops is essential for both food safety and environmental protection. Traditional methodologies face challenges due to the interference of endogenous compounds in peel and pulp tissues, often being invasive, labor-intensive, and inadequate for real-time observation of hazardous substance distribution. In this study, dynamic borohydride-reduced nanoparticles were employed as enhanced substrates. For the first time, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) imaging was harnessed to enable whole-process visual detection of pesticide residues. The developed method is both stable and sensitive, boasting a detection lower limit below 1 pg/mL, coupled with robust quantitative analytical capabilities. This technique was successfully employed to detect residue signals across various crops and fruit juices. Furthermore, SERS imaging was utilized to map the distribution of pesticide residues from the exterior to the interior of fruits and vegetables. Vertex component analysis further refined the process by mitigating interference from plant autofluorescence. Collectively, this innovative strategy facilitates comprehensive pesticide residue monitoring, offering a potent tool for controlling hazardous substances in crops. Its potential applications extend beyond food safety, holding significant promise for sustainable agricultural production and enhanced environmental safeguarding.

Near-IR Electrochromic Film with High Optical Contrast and Stability Prepared by Oxidative Electropolymerization of Triphenylamine Modified Terpyridine Platinum(II) Chloride.

Terpyridine (TPY) platinum(II) chloride with a triphenylamine (TPA) group was successfully synthesized. The strong intramolecular Donor(TPA)-Acceptor(TPY) interaction induced the low-energy absorption band, mixing the spin-allowed singlet dπ(Pt)→π*(TPY) metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) with the chloride ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) and chloride ligand-to-ligand (TPY) charge transfer (LLCT) transitions, to bathochromically shift to λmax = 449 nm with significant enhancement and broadening effects. Using the cyclic voltammetry method, its oxidative electropolymerization (EP) films on working Pt disk and ITO electrodes were produced with tunable thickness and diffusion controlled redox behavior, which were characterized by the SEM, EDS, FT-IR, and AC impedance methods. Upon applying +1.4 V voltage, the sandwich-type electrochromic device (ECD) with ca. 290 nm thickness of the EP film exhibits a distinct color transformation from red (CIE coordinates: L = 50.75, a = 18.58, b = 5.69) to dark blue (CIE coordinates: L = 45.65, a = -1.35, b = -12.49). Good electrochromic (EC) parameters, such as a large optical contrast (ΔT%) of 78%, quick coloration and bleaching response times of 2.9 s and 1.1 s, high coloration and bleaching efficiencies of 278.0 and 390.5 C-1·cm2, and good cycling stability (maintains 70% of the initial ΔT% value after 3200 voltage switching cycles), were obtained.

Physicochemical and Functional Properties of Thermal-Induced Polymerized Goat Milk Whey Protein.

Goat milk whey protein products are a hard-to-source commodity. Whey protein concentrate was directly prepared from fresh goat milk. The effects of the heating temperature (69-78 °C), time (15-30 min), and pH (7.5-7.9) on the physicochemical and functional properties of the goat milk whey protein were investigated. The results showed that the particle size of the samples significantly increased (p < 0.05) after heat treatment. The zeta potential of polymerized goat milk whey protein (PGWP) was lower than that of native goat milk whey protein. The content of the free sulfhydryl groups of PGWP decreased with increasing heating temperature and time, while an increase in surface hydrophobicity and apparent viscosity of PGWP were observed after heat treatment. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy analysis indicated that heat treatment and pH had considerable impacts on the secondary structure of goat milk whey protein. Transmission electron microscope images revealed that heat induced the formation of a large and uniform protein network. Additionally, the changes in the physicochemical and structural properties contributed to the improvement of the emulsifying and foaming properties of goat milk whey protein after heat treatment. The results may provide a theoretical basis for the applications of polymerized goat milk whey protein in related products.

Cost-effective production of alginate oligosaccharides from Laminaria japonica roots by Pseudoalteromonas agarivorans A3.

BACKGROUND: Alginate oligosaccharides (AOs) are the degradation products of alginate, a natural polysaccharide abundant in brown algae. AOs generated by enzymatic hydrolysis have diverse bioactivities and show broad application potentials. AOs production via enzymolysis is now generally with sodium alginate as the raw material, which is chemically extracted from brown algae. In contrast, AOs production by direct degradation of brown algae is more advantageous on account of its cost reduction and is more eco-friendly. However, there have been only a few attempts reported in AOs production from direct degradation of brown algae. RESULTS: In this study, an efficient Laminaria japonica-decomposing strain Pseudoalteromonas agarivorans A3 was screened. Based on the secretome and mass spectrum analyses, strain A3 showed the potential as a cell factory for AOs production by secreting alginate lyases to directly degrade L. japonica. By using the L. japonica roots, which are normally discarded in the food industry, as the raw material for both fermentation and enzymatic hydrolysis, AOs were produced by the fermentation broth supernatant of strain A3 after optimization of the alginate lyase production and hydrolysis parameters. The generated AOs mainly ranged from dimers to tetramers, among which trimers and tetramers were predominant. The degradation efficiency of the roots reached 54.58%, the AOs production was 33.11%, and the AOs purity was 85.03%. CONCLUSION: An efficient, cost-effective and green process for AOs production directly from the underutilized L. japonica roots by using strain A3 was set up, which differed from the reported processes in terms of the substrate and strain used for fermentation and the AOs composition. This study provides a promising platform for scalable production of AOs, which may have application potentials in industry and agriculture.

Label-free detection of virus based on surface-enhanced Raman scattering.

Due to the background interference from biological samples, detecting viruses using surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) in clinical samples is challenging. This study is based on SERS by reducing sodium borohydride and aggregating silver nanoparticles to develop suitable virus detection "hot spot." The monkeypox virus and human papillomavirus fingerprints were quickly obtained, tested, and identified in serum and artificial vaginal discharge, respectively, by combining the principal component analysis method. Therefore, these viruses were successfully identified in the biological background. In addition, the lowest detection limit was 100 copies/mL showing good reproducibility and signal-to-noise ratio. The concentration-dependent curve of the monkeypox virus had a good linear relationship. This method helps solve the SERS signal interference problem in complex biological samples, with low detection limits and high selectivity in virus characterization and quantitative analysis. Therefore, this method has a reasonable prospect of clinical application.

A method for generating genome edited plant lines from CRISPR-transformed Shanxin poplar plants.

Due to the reason of low efficiency of mutation in CRISPR-editing, a high frequency of CRISPR transformed plant lines failing in mutation had been generated and had to be discarded. In the present study, we built a method to increase the efficiency of CRISPR-editing. We used Shanxin poplar (Populus davidiana×P. bolleana) as the study material, and CRISPR-editing system was first built to generate the CRISPR-transformed lines. The line that failed in CRISPR-editing was used for improving the efficiency of mutation, which was treated with heat (37 °C) to improve the cleaving activity of Cas9, leading to increased frequency of the cleaved DNA. Our results indicated that 87-100% of cells in CRISPR-transformed plants whose DNA had been cleaved by heat treatment, and the heat treatment plants were then cut into explants to differentiate adventitious buds. Each differentiated bud can be considered as an independent line. Twenty independent lines were randomly selected for analysis, and all of them had been mutated by CRISPR editing, displaying 4 types of mutation. Our results indicated that heat treatment combined with re-differentiation can generate CRISPR-edited plants efficiently. This method could conquer the problem of low mutation efficiency of CRISPR-editing in Shanxin poplar, and will have a wide application in plant CRISPR-editing.

Well-Defined Shell-Sheddable Core-Crosslinked Micelles with pH and Oxidation Dual-Response for On-Demand Drug Delivery.

Micellar-nanocarrier-based drug delivery systems possessing characteristics such as an excellent circulation stability, inhibited premature release and on-demand site-specific release are urgently needed for enhanced therapeutic efficacy. Therefore, a novel kind of shell-sheddable core-crosslinked polymeric micelles with pH and oxidation dual-triggered on-demand drug release behavior was facilely constructed. The multifunctional micelles were self-assembled from a carefully designed amphiphilic triblock PEGylated polyurethane (PEG-acetal-PUBr-acetal-PEG) employing an acid-labile acetal linker at the hydrophilic-hydrophobic interface and pendant reactive bromo-containing polyurethane (PU) as the hydrophobic block, followed by a post-crosslinking via oxidation-cleavable diselenide linkages. These well-defined micelles exhibited an enhanced structural stability against dilution, achieved through the incorporation of diselenide crosslinkers. As expected, they were found to possess dual pH- and oxidation-responsive dissociation behaviors when exposure to acid pH (~5.0) and 50 mM H2O2 conditions, as evidenced using dynamic light-scattering (DLS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) analyses. An in vitro drug release investigation showed that the drug indomethacin (IND) could be efficiently encapsulated in the micelles, which demonstrated an inhibited premature release compared to the non-crosslinked ones. It is noteworthy that the resulting micelles could efficiently release entrapped drugs at a fast rate in response to either pH or oxidation stimuli. Moreover, the release could be significantly accelerated in the presence of both acid pH and oxidation conditions, relative to a single stimulus, owing to the synergetic degradation of micelles through pH-induced dePEGylation and oxidation-triggered decrosslinking processes. The proposed shell-sheddable core-crosslinked micelles with a pH and oxidation dual-response could be potential candidates as drug carriers for on-demand drug delivery.

Lipidomics of Sannen goat milk subjected to pasteurization and spray drying based on LC-ESI-MS/MS.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of pasteurization and spray drying on goat milk lipids by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) and multiple variable statistics. A total of 1061 lipids assigned to 29 subclasses in raw and thermal-treated groups were identified. One hundred and 85 different lipids (DLs) (VIP ≥ 1 and |Log2FC| ≥ 1.0) were selected from pairwise comparisons of goat milk by different treatments. Glycerophospholipids were the most affected subclasses by thermal processes, especially by spray drying. Five potential lipid markers [(DG (16:1_18:0), TG (18:1_22:1_18:2), Cer (t17:2/31:0), LPC (0:0/20:0), and LPS (20:0/0:0] were used to distinguish different treated goat milk. Moreover, glycerophospholipid metabolism was the primary pathway of DLs. These results would provide more details of lipid profiles in thermally treated (pasteurization and spray drying) goat milk.

Effect of homogenization on lipid profiling in Saanen goat milk based on UHPLC-QTOF-MS lipidomics.

Homogenization might change the lipid composition of goat milk. This study aimed to investigate the lipid profiles, and identify different lipids (DLs) of raw goat milk (RGM) and homogenized goat milk (HGM) using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) and multivariate statistics. Fifty-six DLs (VIP ≥ 1 and |Log2FC| ≥ 1.0) were identified from 1057 lipids assigned to 29 subclasses in RGM and HGM. Notably, there were many phosphatidylcholines (PCs) decreased after homogenization, while lysophosphatidylcholines (LPCs) were opposite. Our results provide more details on the impact of homogenization on goat milk lipids.

Parkin increases the risk of colitis by downregulation of VDR via autophagy-lysosome degradation.

Parkin, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, plays an essential role in mitophagy. Emerging evidence indicates that mitophagy is involved in various processes closely related to immune diseases, including inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Here, the authors show that Parkin increases the occurrence of colitis and severe inflammation. Deletion of Parkin resulted in marked reductions in colonic inflammation and exhibited high resistance to DSS-induced colitis. Mechanism investigation indicated that Parkin interacts with Vitamin D receptors (VDR), a critical inhibitory regulator in IBD. Parkin promotes VDR degradation via the p62-related autophagy-lysosome pathway. Comparison of colitis in Parkin-/- and Parkin-/-Vdr-/- mice showed that the protective effect of Parkin deletion against colitis was abolished by VDR deletion. The result suggests that the regulatory effect of Parkin in colitis is a VDR-dependent pathway. Our research provides a new role of Parkin in colitis by downregulating VDR, which provides a potential strategy for treating IBD.

Higher education management in western regions by educational power strategy and positive psychology.

With the deepening of the strategy of strengthening the country through education, the innovation and development of higher education, system reform and teaching innovation in the western region have become the focus of researchers' attention, and the optimization of educational power strategy has always been an important basis for the development of teaching work. On the basis of fuzzy models Takagi and Sugeno (T-S), this paper constructs an educational resource recommendation model based on T-S fuzzy neural network, verifies the feasibility of the model, further combines the educational resource recommendation model with university teaching, and analyzes the application effect. The current situation of educational resources investigation in M College is analyzed. It is found that the full-time teachers' overall academic qualifications are not high, the proportion of young full-time teachers with certain experience is small, and the professional advantages of the school are not obvious. After applying the educational resource recommendation model, the accuracy of educational resource recommendation is obviously improved, and the design is feasible. The educational management mode with positive psychological emotions has a good teaching effect, which can greatly improve teachers' dedication and concentration. Positive psychological emotions can reduce the possibility of intensification of contradictions and the possibility of behavioral opposition. Teaching resource recommendation mode can improve college students' interest in the application of teaching resources to a certain extent, and their application satisfaction is obviously improved. This paper not only provides technical support for the improvement of teaching management resource recommendation mode, but also contributes to the optimization of teaching power strategy.

Delivery of spike-RBD by bacterial type three secretion system for SARS-CoV-2 vaccine development.

COVID-19 pandemic continues to spread throughout the world with an urgent demand for a safe and protective vaccine to effectuate herd protection and control the spread of SARS-CoV-2. Here, we report the development of a bacterial vector COVID-19 vaccine (aPA-RBD) that carries the gene for the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Live-attenuated strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (aPA) were constructed which express the recombinant RBD and effectively deliver RBD protein into various antigen presenting cells through bacterial type 3 secretion system (T3SS) in vitro. In mice, two-dose of intranasal aPA-RBD vaccinations elicited the development of RBD-specific serum IgG and IgM. Importantly, the sera from the immunized mice were able to neutralize host cell infections by SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus as well as the authentic virus variants potently. T-cell responses of immunized mice were assessed by enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) and intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) assays. aPA-RBD vaccinations can elicit RBD-specific CD4+and CD8+T cell responses. T3SS-based RBD intracellular delivery heightens the efficiency of antigen presentation and enables the aPA-RBD vaccine to elicit CD8+T cell response. Thus, aPA vector has the potential as an inexpensive, readily manufactured, and respiratory tract vaccination route vaccine platform for other pathogens.

Incorporation of a TGF-ß2-inhibiting oligodeoxynucleotide molecular adjuvant into a tumor cell lysate vaccine to enhance antiglioma immunity in mice.

Introduction: Transforming growth factor ß2 (TGF-ß2), also known as glioma-derived T-cell suppressor factor, is associated with the impairment of tumor immune surveillance. Therefore, blocking TGF-ß2 signaling probably be a feasible strategy to develop a novel type of adjuvant for glioma vaccines to enhance antitumor immunity. Methods: A TGF-ß2 inhibitory oligodeoxynucleotide, TIO3, was designed with sequences complementary to the 3' untranslated region of TGF-ß2 mRNA. The expression of TGF-ß2 and MHC-I was detected by qPCR, western and flow cytometry in vitro. All the percentage and activation of immune cells were detected by flow cytometry. Subsequently, TIO3 was formulated with Glioma cell lysate (TCL) and investigated for its antitumor effects in GL261 murine glioma prophylactic and therapeutic models. Results: TIO3 could efficiently downregulate the expression of TGF-ß2 while increase the MHC-I's expression in GL261 and U251 glioma cells in vitro. Meanwhile, TIO3 was detected in mice CD4+ T, CD8+ T, B and Ly6G+ cells from lymph nodes after 24 hours incubation. Moreover, TCL+TIO3 vaccination significantly prolonged the survival of primary glioma-bearing mice and protected these mice from glioma re-challenge in vivo. Mechanistically, TCL+TIO3 formulation strongly evoke the antitumor immune responses. 1) TCL+TIO3 significantly increased the composition of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from draining lymph nodes while promoted their IFN-γ production and reduced the expression of TGF-ß2 and PD1. 2) TCL+TIO3 activated the NK cells with the elevation of CD69 or NKG2D expression and PD1 reduction. 3) TCL+TIO3 increased the glioma-specific lysis CTLs from spleen. 4) TCL+TIO3 downregulated PD-L1 expression in glioma tissues and in Ly6G+ cells among glioma-infiltrating immune cells. Conclusion: TIO3 is a promising adjuvant for enhancing TCL-based vaccines to produce a more vigorous and long-lasting antitumor response by interfering with TGF-ß2 expression.

Investigation of the differences in the effect of (-)-epigallocatechin gallate and proanthocyanidins on the functionality and allergenicity of soybean protein isolate.

In this study, the differences in effects of (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and proanthocyanidins (PC) on the functionality and allergenicity of soybean protein isolate (SPI) were studied. SDS-PAGE demonstrated that SPI-PC conjugates exhibited more high-molecular-weight polymers (>180 kDa) than SPI-EGCG conjugates. Structural analysis showed that SPI-PC conjugates exhibited more disordered structures and protein-unfolding, improving the accessibility of PC to modify SPI, compared to SPI-EGCG conjugates. LC/MS-MS demonstrated that PC caused more modification of SPI and major soybean allergens than EGCG, resulting in a lower abundance of epitopes. The successful attachment of EGCG and PC to SPI significantly increased antioxidant capacity in conjugates. Furthermore, SPI-PC conjugates exhibited greater emulsifying activity and lower immunoglobulin E (IgE) binding capacity than SPI-EGCG conjugates, which was attributed to more disordered structure and protein-unfolding in SPI-PC conjugates. It is implied that proanthocyanidins may be promising compounds to interact with soybean proteins to produce functional and hypoallergenic foods.